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History and Evolution:
By William E. Steinman:
Part 11, Time Line:
June 2, 2003:
Updated several times:
It occurred to me that many people might be interested in a historical
events time line. Therefore I have moved this time line from History
and Evolution to the Site Links bar so it will be accessible to
more people. With all of my discussion of historical events, it
has occurred to me that a rough time line might be useful. I will
not show everything. I want to include some events, philosophers,
generals, and kings, no cabbages. This will sure help keep me
on track. I need it to remind me of where I am and where I am
going. I hope it will be helpful to you too. One thing we must
understand is there is some debate if not controversy about the
exactness of these times. Think of this as the best I could find
and what seems most likely. We can leave the debate to the archeologists
and historians. I will update this time line as I uncover other
events in the development of my theme.
20,000,000,000 BC Bang.
According to theory, about this time, give or take ten billion
years, the universe came into existence.
4,500,000,000 BC The Earth was formed out of primal gas and
dust.
Azoic time begins.
3,900,000,000 BC Precambrian time begins.
There is evidence of primitive life forms.
540,000,000 BC Paleozoic Era begins.
Animal life and primitive forests develop.
245,000,000 BC Mesozoic Era begins.
Large reptiles, flowering plants, snakes and lizards develop.
65,000,000 BC Cenozoic Era begins.
The age of mammals, modern forests.
5,000,000 BC Pliocene Epoch.
Australopithecines or Southern Apes appear.
2,000,000 BC Old Stone Age or Paleolithic period begins.
Homo Habilis appears.
1,800,000 BC Pleistocene epoch begins.
1,600,000 BC Homo Erectus appears.
400,000 BC Homo Sapiens or modern man appears.
Neanderthal Man appears. There is controversy as to whether
Neanderthal man is true Homo Sapiens or an earlier subspecies.
300,000 BC Homo Erectus disappears.
35, 000 BC Cro-Magnon Man appears.
10,000 BC Holocene or Recent epoch begins.
Middle Stone Age or Mesolithic period begins.
Cro-Magnon Man disappears.
Last glaciers recede.
Somewhere between 10,000 and 3000 BC an organized agrarian
culture grew up in the Yellow River valley of China.
8,000 to 6,000 BC New Stone Age or Neolithic period begins.
5,000 BC Mesopotamia emerges as a civilization.
3,000 BC Bronze age begins in China and Mesopotamia.
Egypt emerges as a civilization in the Nile delta.
Indications of settled communities in Athens.
2,500 BC Iron age begins in Middle East.
A civilization emerges along the Indus River valley.
2,000 BC Bronze age begins in Britain.
1,800 BC Greek Mycenaean civilization evolves.
1,500 BC Iron Age begins Asia Minor.
1200 BC Attica is consolidated under Athens leadership.
1,100 BC Dark age of Greece to about 900 BC
1,000 BC Iron Age begins in Europe.
Indus River valley civilization disappears.
776 BC First Olympic Games held in Greece.
753 BC about City of Rome is established.
700 BC Iron age begins in England.
Homer lived somewhere about this time.
630 BC Solon is born. (630 - 560 BC)
624 BC Thales is born. (624 - 546 BC)
605 BC about Peisistratid is born. (605 - 527 BC)
600 BC Iron age begins in China.
582 BC Pythagoras is born. (582- 507 BC)
570 BC Cleisthenes is born. (570 - about 507 BC)
560 BC Xenophanes is born. (560 - 578 BC)
551 BC Confucius is born (551 - 479 BC)
535 BC Heraclitus Greek philosopher is born. (535 - 475 BC)
521 BC Darius the Great is born (521 - 486 BC)
515 BC Parmenides is born (515 - ? BC)
509 BC Republic of Rome is established.
500 BC Anaxagoras is born. (500 - 428 BC)
Persian Wars begin.
495 BC Percicles is born. (495 BC - 429 BC)
Zeno of Elea is born. (495 - 430 BC)
490 BC Empedocles is born. (490 - 430 BC)
Battle of Marathon.
Protagoras is born (490 - 421 BC)
479 BC Persian Wars end.
470 BC Socrates is born. (470 - 399 BC)
460 BC Democritus is born. (460 - 370 BC)
450 BC Leucippus is born. (450 - 370 BC)
431 BC Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta begins.
427 BC Plato is born. (426 - 347 BC)
412 BC Diogenes is born. (412 - 323 BC)
404 BC Peloponnesian war ends with Athens defeat.
384 BC Aristotle is born. (384 - 322 BC)
360 BC Pyrrhon of Elis the father of skepticism is born. (360 - 270 BC)
336 BC Zeno of Citium is born. (336 - 263 BC)
287 BC Archimedes is born. (287 - 212 BC)
247 BC Hannibal is born. (247 - 183 BC)
215 BC First Macedonian war begins.
155 BC Gaius Marius is born (155 - 86 BC)
148 BC Fourth Macedonian war ends. Macedonia becomes a Roman province.
138 BC Sulla, Lucius Cornelius is Born (138 - 78 BC)
115 BC Crassus Marcus Licinius is born (115 - 53 BC)
106 BC Pompey the Great is born (105 - 48 BC)
100 BC Julius Caesar is born (100 BC 44 BC)
85 BC Brutus Marcus Junius is born (85 - 42 BC)
83 BC Mark Antony is born (83 - 30 BC)
69 BC Cleopatra is born (69 - 30 BC)
63 BC Octavian, first emperor of the Roman Empire is born (63 BC - AD 14)
54 BC Julius Caesar invades Britain.
49 BC Caesar crosses the Rubicon.
27 BC Roman Empire is established.
ad- 1 Christ is born. (ad- 1 - ad- 30)
From Britannica 2003 Ultimate reference suite.
The system of consecutively numbering the years of the Christian
Era was devised by Dionysius Exiguus in about 525; it included
the reckoning of dates as either AD or BC (the year before ad-
1 was 1 BC).
ad- 30 Christ dies.
100 Saint Justin Martyr is born. (100 - 165)
101 Herodes Atticus is born (101 - 177)
105 about Paper is invented in China.
245 Diocletian is born (245 - 313)
285 Constantine the Great is born (285 - 337) Rome's first Christian Emperor.
313 Edit of Milan by Constantine and Licinius proclaims religious tolerance.
314 St. Sylvester I becomes Bishop of Rome.
354 Saint Augustine, Bishop of Hippo is born (354 - 430)
395 Roman Empire is disintegrating.
Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) continues.
400 Roman rule ends in England.
500 Dark ages begin.
597 England begins converting to Christianity.
622 Islam is founded by Muhammad the prophet in the Arabian peninsula.
735 Alcuin is born, (735 - 804)
742 Charlemagne, king of the Franks, is born. (742 - 814)
Also called Charles the Great)
800 about China develops gunpowder.
810 John Scotus Erigena is born (810 - 877)
828 Egbert, the Saxon king of Wessex, subdues all of England.
927 Athelstan becomes first king to rule all of England.
1027 William I the first Norman King of England is born (1027 - 1087)
1056 William II, second Norman king of England is born (1056 - 1100)
1066 William I defeats Harold II at the Battle of Hastings.
1069 Henry I, the third Norman king of England is born (1069 - 1135)
1095 Pope Urbane II launches the first crusade, a holy war against Islam.
1099 Jerusalem falls to the Crusaders.
1100 Henry I becomes king of England.
1133 Henry II is born (1133 - 1189)
1135 Stephen of Blois seizes the English throne.
1150 Moors introduce papermaking into Spain.
1154 Henry II ascends to the English throne when Stephen dies.
1162 Genghis Khan, ruler of all Mongolia, is born about this time. (1162 - 1227)
1175 Robert Grosseteste is born (1175-1253)
1189 Richard the Lion Hearted ascends to the English throne
1199 Richard is killed in France and John Lackland takes the English throne.
1215 King John signs the Magna Carta, the Great Charter of England.
1216 John dies and his son Henry III ascends to the English throne.
1220 Roger Bacon is born. (1220 - 1292)
1225 Saint Thomas Aquinas is born. (1225 - 1274)
1254 Holy Roman Empire is officially established.
Marco Polo is born. (1254 - 1324)
1265 Dante Alighieri is born. (1265 - 1321)
1266 John Duns Scotus is born. (1266 - 1308)
1267 Giotto di Bondone is born. (1267 - 1337)
1270 Durand De Saint-pourçain is born. (1270 - 1334)
The final crusade of King Louis IX of France is launched and
fails.
1272 Edward I ascends the throne of England.
1280 Petrus Aureolus is born. (1280 - 1322)
Marsilius of Padua is born. (1280 - 1343)
1285 William of Ockham is born. (1285 - 1349)
1300 Nicolas D'autrecourt is born. (1300 - 1350)
Gunpowder is introduced into Europe.
1304 Petrarch is born. (1304 - 1374)
1307 Edward II (The Fruitcake King) inherits the throne of England.
1313 Giovanni Boccaccio is born (1313 - 1375
1320 Nicholas Oresme is born. (1320 - 1382)
1327 Edward III ascends the throne of England
1329 John Wycliffe is born. (1329 - 1384)
1331 Coluccio Salutati is born. (1331 - 1406)
1350 Dark (middle) ages ends.
1353 Manuuel Chrysoloras is born. (1353 - 1415)
1370 Guarino da Verona is born. (1370 - 1446)
Leonardo Bruni is born. (1370 - 1444)
1377 Brunelleschi, Filippo is born. (1377 - 1446)
Richard II ascends the throne of England
1378 Vittorino da Feltre is born. (1378 - 1446)
1395 William of Waynflete is born. (1395 - 1486)
1396 George of Trebizond is born. (1396 - 1486)
1399 Henry IV deposes Richard II and takes the throne of England
1400 Gutenberg is born. (1400 - 1468)
1401 Nicholas of Cusa is born. (1401 - 1464)
Masaccio is born. (1401 - 1428)
1404 Leone Battista Alberti is born. (1404 - 1472)
1407 Lorenzo Valla is born. (1407 - 1457)
1412 Joan of Arc is Born. (1412 - 1431)
1413 Henry V ascends the throne of England
1422 Henry VI ascends the throne of England
1433 Marsilio Ficino is born. (1433 - 1499)
1443 Rudolf Agricola is born. (1443 - 1485)
1444 Donato Bramante is born (1444 - 1514)
1451 Columbus is born. (1451 - 1506)
1452 Leonardo da Vinci is born. (1452 - 1519)
1455 Gutenberg prints the first book in Europe, the Mazarin
Bible.
War of Roses begins.
1460 Thomas Linacre is born. (1460 - 1524)
1461 Edward IV is crowned King of England.
1462 Pietro Pomponazzi is born. (1462 - 1523)
1463 Pico della Mirandola is born. (1463 - 1494)
1465 Hans Holbein is born. (1465 - 1524)
1466 Desiderius Erasmus is born. (1466 - 1536)
1467 John Colet is born (1467 - 1519)
1469 Saint John Fisher is born. (1469 - 1535)
Niccolò Machiavelli is born. (1469 - 1527)
1471 Albrecht Dürer is born. (1471 - 1528)
1473 Nicholas Copernicus is born (1473 - 1543)
1475 Michelangelo Buonarroti is born. (1475 - 1564)
1478 Thomas More is born. (1478 - 1535)
Conte Baldassare Castiglione is born. (1478 - 1529)
Girolamo Fracastoro is born. (1478 - 1553)
1480 Magellan is born. (1480 - 1521)
1483 Luther is born. (1483 - 1546)
Raphael is born. (1483 - 1520)
Richard III declares himself King of England.
1485 War of roses ends with the battle of Bosworth Field.
Henry VII declares himself King of England.
1486 Agrippa von Nettesheim is born (1486 - 1535)
1492 Juan Luis Vives is born. (1492 - 1540)
Christopher Columbus sights land in the Bahamas.
1493 Parcelsus is born. (1493 - 1551)
1494 François Rabelais is born. (1494 - 1553)
1497 Philip Melanchthon is born. (1497 - 1560)
1499 Franck Sebastian is born (1499 - 1542)
1501 Girolamo Cardano is born. (1501 - 1576)
1509 John Calvin is born. (1509 - 1564)
Bernardino Telesio is born. (1509 - 1588)
Henry VIII ascends the throne of England.
1514 John Knox is born. (1514 - 1572)
Andreas Vesalius is born. (1514 - 1564)
1515 Petrus Ramus is born. (1515 - 1572)
1522 Joachim du Bellay is born. (1522 - 1560)
Sir Walter Raleigh is born. (1522 - 1618)
1524 Pierre de Ronsard is born. (1524 - 1585)
1530 Jean Bodin is born. (1530 - 1596)
King Henry VIII establishes the independent Church of England.
1533 Michel Eyquem de Montaigne is born. (1533 - 1592)
1536 England absorbs Wales in the first act of union.
1540 Sir Francis, Drake is born. (1540 - 1596)
1544 William Gilbert is born. (1544 - 1603)
1546 Tycho Brahe is born. (1546 - 1601)
1547 Miguel de Cervantes is born. (1547 - 1616)
Edward VI ascends the throne at 9 years of age.
1548 Simon Stevin is born. (1548 - 1620)
Giordano Bruno is born. (1548 - 1600)
1550 John Napier is born. (1550 - 1617)
1552 Sir Walter Raleigh is born. (1552 - 1618)
1553 Lady Jane Grey ascends the throne of England and rules
for nine days.
Mary I ascends the throne of England.
1554 Richard Hooker is born (1554 - 1600)
1557 Johanne,Althaus is born. (1557 - 1638)
1558 Elizabeth I ascends the Throne of England.
1561 Francis Bacon is born. (1561 - 1626)
Henry Briggs is born. (1561 - 1630)
1564 Galileo is born. (1564 - 1642)
William Shakespeare is born. (1564 - 1616)
1568 Tommaso Campanella is born. (1568 - 1639)
1571 Johannes Kepler is born. (1571 - 1630)
1572 The Massacre of St. Bartholomew August 23 and 24 kills an estimated 50,000 Huguenots at Paris and in the provinces.
1575 Jakob Böhme is born. (1575 - 1624)
1577 Jan Baptista van Helmont is born. (1577 - 1644)
1578 William Harvey is born. (1578 - 1657)
1583 Hugo Grotius is born. (1583 - 1645)
1588 Thomas Hobbes is born. (1588 - 1679)
1596 Rene Descartes is born. (1596 - 1650)
1598 Bonaventura Cavalieri is born. (1598 - 1647)
1599 Oliver Cromwell is born (1599 -1658)
1603 Sir Kenelm Digby is born. (1603 - 1665)
James I becomes king of England. Scotland and Ireland.
1607 Virginia is founded by the London Company
1613 New York is settled by Dutch.
1620 Plymouth is settled by separatist.
1623 Blaise Pascal is born. (1623 - 1662)
Maine is founded by F. Gorges.
New Hampshire is founded by John Mason.
1624 George Fox is born, (1624 - 1691)
1625 Charles I ascends the throne of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
1627 Robert Boyle is born. (1627 - 1691)
1628 Massachusetts is founded by puritans.
1629 Christiaan Huygens is born. (1629 - 1695)
1632 John Locke is born. (1632 - 1704)
Baruch Spinoza is born. (1632 - 1677)
1634 Maryland is founded by Lord Baltimore.
1635 Connecticut is founded by Massachusetts immigrants.
1636 Rhode Island is founded by R Williams.
New Haven is settled by Massachusetts immigrants.
1638 Nicolas de Malebranche is born (1638 - 1715)
Delaware is founded by Swedes.
1642 Civil war begins in England. King Charles is executed
in 1649.
Sir Isaac Newton is born (1642 - 1727)
1644 William Penn is born. (1644 - 1718)
1646 Leibniz is born. (1646 - 1716)
1647 George Fox founds the society of friends (Quakers) in England.
1650 Enlightenment: This year more of less marks the beginning of the so called age of enlightenment.
1651 English civil war ends. Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of the Commonwealth.
1653 North Carolina is founded by Virginians.
1660 Charles II becomes king of England Scotland and Ireland.
1664 New York is founded by the Duke of York.
New Jersey is founded by berkeley and Carteret.
1670 South Carolina is founded in English noblemen.
1679 Christian von Wolff is born. (1679 - 1754)
1681 Pennsylvania is founded by William Penn.
1685 George Berkeley is born (1685 - 1753)
James II becomes king of England Scotland and Ireland.
1688 William of Orange invades England. James II flees to France.
1689 William convenes a Parliament which declares him king.
The Parliament also passes England's Bill of Rights.
Montesquieu is born. (1689 - 1755)
1694 England's Triennial act establishes regular parliamentary
sessions.
Voltaire is born. (1694 - 1778)
1706 Benjamin Franklin is born. (1706 - 1790)
1707 England absorbs Scotland in the second act of union.
1711 David Hume is born. (1711 - 1776)
1712 Rousseau is born. (1712 - 1778)
Friedrich The Great is born. (1712 - 1786)
1714 George I becomes king of Great Britain and Ireland.
1724 Immanuel Kant is born. (1724 - 1804)
1727 George II becomes king of Great Britain and Ireland.
1729 Edmund Burke is born. (1729 - 1797)
1732 George Washington is born. (1732 - 1799)
1733 Joseph Priestley is born. (1733 - 1804)
Georgia is founded by Oglethorpe.
1735 John Adams is born. (1735 - 1826)
1743 Thomas Jefferson is born. (1743 - 1826)
1751 James Madison is born. (1751 - 1836)
1755 Alexander Hamilton is born. (1755 - 1804)
1758 James Monroe is born. (1758 - 1831)
1760 Industrial Revolution begins in England.
George III becomes king of Great Britain and Ireland.
1765 England imposes the Stamp Act on the American colonies.
1767 England imposes import duties on tea and other products.
1769 Napoleon I is born. (1769 - 1821)
1776 On July 2, 1776 the Continental Congress adopts Lee's
resolution for a declaration of independence.
On July 4, 1776 Congress adopts Jefferson's Declaration of
Independence.
1777 November 15, 1777 The Articles of Confederation are adopted by the original 13 colonies.
1781 On October 17, 1781. Cornwallis finally surrenders at Yorktown.
1783 On September 3, 1783 A final peace treaty is signed in Paris and The United States is recognized as a sovereign nation.
1787 A Federal Constitutional Convention is convened in Philadelphia wherein The Constitution of The United States is produced.
1788 The Constitution is ratified.
1789 George Washington is elected to be the first president of the United States.
1791 Madison's Bill of Rights is ratified by Virginia and
added to the constitution in toto. These are the first ten amendments.
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